Introduction As per the National Judicial Data Grid, a total of 3,54,70,614 criminal cases are currently pending. India’s criminal justice space has historically struggled with colonial legacies, procedural inefficiencies, and outdated definitions of crime. However, on 1st July 2024, a new chapter began with the enforcement of three pivotal criminal laws: the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023, and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) 2023. Replacing the Indian Penal Code (1860), the Criminal Procedure Code (1973), and the Indian Evidence Act (1872), these laws aim to modernise a justice system that had long ceased to reflect contemporary social realities. This shift marks a significant moment for anyone pursuing an LLM in Criminal Law. One year since their implementation, these laws are already reshaping the foundational structure of legal practice, investigation, and judicial processes across India. For law students, especially those pursuing an LLM in criminal law, understanding these changes is crucial as well as indispensable. Table of Contents SL. No. Topics Covered 1 Introduction 2 What Legal Shifts Define the BNS, BNSS, and BSA? 3 How Did Colonial Roots Shape the Need for Reform? 4 What New Crimes and Definitions Have Been Introduced? 5 Can Technology Deliver Justice More Efficiently? 6 How Do These Laws Empower Victims? 7 What Are the Systemic Challenges in Implementation? 8 What Are the Early Outcomes and Reactions? 9 What Lies Ahead for Legal Scholars and Practitioners? 10 Conclusion: Will the Promise of Justice Be Fulfilled? What Legal Shifts Define the …