{"id":7711,"date":"2026-09-21T13:28:36","date_gmt":"2026-09-21T13:28:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/?p=7711"},"modified":"2026-09-21T13:28:36","modified_gmt":"2026-09-21T13:28:36","slug":"nepal-glacier-collapse-climate-law-ba-llb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/nepal-glacier-collapse-climate-law-ba-llb\/","title":{"rendered":"When a Glacier Collapses, Who Pays? Nepal&#8217;s Climate Claim and the Law of State Responsibility"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/nepal-glacier-collapse-climate-law-ba-llb\/#Summary\" >Summary<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/nepal-glacier-collapse-climate-law-ba-llb\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/nepal-glacier-collapse-climate-law-ba-llb\/#Nepals_Climate_Claim\" >Nepal&#8217;s Climate Claim<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/nepal-glacier-collapse-climate-law-ba-llb\/#What_Does_International_Law_Say\" >What Does International Law Say?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/nepal-glacier-collapse-climate-law-ba-llb\/#Why_Lawyers_Matter\" >Why Lawyers Matter<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/nepal-glacier-collapse-climate-law-ba-llb\/#What_Areas_of_Law_Are_Involved\" >What Areas of Law Are Involved?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/nepal-glacier-collapse-climate-law-ba-llb\/#How_Does_One_Train_for_This_Kind_of_Work\" >How Does One Train for This Kind of Work?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/nepal-glacier-collapse-climate-law-ba-llb\/#The_BA_LLB\" >The BA LL.B.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/nepal-glacier-collapse-climate-law-ba-llb\/#Jindal_Global_Law_School\" >Jindal Global Law School<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/nepal-glacier-collapse-climate-law-ba-llb\/#Admissions_Information\" >Admissions Information<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/nepal-glacier-collapse-climate-law-ba-llb\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions\" >Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/nepal-glacier-collapse-climate-law-ba-llb\/#Can_Nepal_legally_compel_major_emitters_to_pay_compensation\" >Can Nepal legally compel major emitters to pay compensation?\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/nepal-glacier-collapse-climate-law-ba-llb\/#Is_the_Loss_and_Damage_Fund_the_same_as_compensation\" >Is the Loss and Damage Fund the same as compensation?\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/nepal-glacier-collapse-climate-law-ba-llb\/#What_is_the_BA_LLB_course_duration_in_India\" >What is the BA LLB course duration in India?\u00a0<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Summary\"><\/span>Summary<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On 26 August 2026, a glacier collapse in the Nepal Himalaya produced flash floods that destroyed settlements along the Trishuli and Bhotekoshi river systems. Nepal&#8217;s Ministry of Finance then sent a formal compensation claim to international partners and an urgent request to the UN Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage, framing the demand as legal liability rather than humanitarian assistance. That framing is possible because the law shifted in July 2025, when the International Court of Justice held unanimously that states carry binding obligations to prevent climate harm and that breach may attract reparations. Whether the claim succeeds turns on questions that remain contested.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On the morning of 26 August 2026, a section of glacier near Langtang Lirung gave way. The collapse set off a landslide, which generated a surge of water and debris down the Trishuli and Bhotekoshi. The Gyirong checkpoint on the China\u2013Nepal border was destroyed, and settlements were struck along roughly seventy kilometres of valley.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Casualty figures were revised repeatedly, and any account must be read with that in mind. The <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Authority<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> put the toll at 903 on 31 August. By early September, tallies across Nepal and the Tibet Autonomous Region had passed 1,300 deaths, with more than 5,000 unaccounted for. Some bodies were recovered in India, 240 kilometres downstream.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The pattern of loss matters legally, because it fell on assets carrying contractual obligations: thirteen hydropower projects, 101 bridges, and a crossing that had carried close to thirty percent of Nepal\u2013China trade. Preliminary estimates placed the damage at about Rs 200 billion; Finance Minister Swarnim Wagle estimated rebuilding at four to five billion dollars.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nepals_Climate_Claim\"><\/span>Nepal&#8217;s Climate Claim<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disaster response ordinarily produces appeals for assistance. Nepal&#8217;s response was narrower and considerably more demanding.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Ministry of Finance dispatched a formal compensation claim, together with an urgent request to the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Foreign Minister Shisir Khanal set out the reasoning publicly: Nepal&#8217;s emissions are negligible, the emissions that warmed the Himalaya were produced elsewhere, and the states responsible for the bulk of cumulative emissions, he named the United States, China and India \u2014 should bear a proportionate share of the cost. This was liability, he said, not charity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The position is not new; at COP29 in Baku, President Ramchandra Paudel called reparations his paramount concern. What altered in 2026 was procedural. Nepal moved from advocacy in a plenary session to a written claim with a named addressee, and at that point a political argument must either satisfy a legal test or fail to.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Does_International_Law_Say\"><\/span>What Does International Law Say?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>The advisory opinion.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> On 23 July 2025 the International Court of Justice delivered a unanimous advisory opinion on the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It rejected the argument that the climate treaties form a self-contained regime displacing other law. It held that states are obliged under customary international law to prevent significant harm to the climate system, characterised those obligations as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">erga omnes<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and confirmed that breach may give rise to state responsibility and full reparation, including compensation for financially assessable damage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On causation, where climate claims have historically failed, the Court adopted a two-stage approach: whether an event can be linked to climate change on scientific evidence, and whether the harm can be tied to a particular state, which must be shown concretely. The second limb is the difficulty. That a glacier collapse is attributable to warming is one proposition. That it is attributable to an identified state&#8217;s emissions, in a quantum a tribunal would award, is a harder one.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Paragraph 51.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Against this sits a provision drafted to prevent exactly this outcome. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paragraph 51 of decision 1\/CP.21<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> records the agreement that Article 8 of the Paris Agreement, the loss and damage provision, does not involve or provide a basis for any liability or compensation. Its reach has been <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">disputed since 2015<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. One reading confines it to the treaty regime, leaving state responsibility undisturbed; another reads it as foreclosing treaty-based claims altogether. The Court&#8217;s rejection of the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lex specialis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> argument supports the first reading, but nothing binding has settled it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>The Fund.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Pledges stood at roughly USD 822 million in March 2026. The <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Barbados Implementation Modalities<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> allocate USD 250 million for the 2025\u201326 start-up phase, with individual requests normally between USD 5 and 20 million and half reserved for small island developing states and least developed countries. Against a reconstruction estimate of four to five billion dollars, the mismatch is plain. The Fund disburses voluntary grants; it is not a liability mechanism, and a disbursement determines nothing about responsibility. Access is further complicated by Nepal&#8217;s scheduled <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">graduation from least developed country status<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in November 2026, since that status activates the fifty percent floor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Why does this reach India?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> India appears in three capacities. As a neighbouring state, it received the flood&#8217;s physical consequences. As a named emitter, it invokes common but differentiated responsibilities and per capita rather than aggregate emissions \u2014 a principle the Court treated as a guide to interpretation rather than an exemption. And as a jurisdiction, India is building its own <a href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/jgls\/research\/human-rights-studies\">climate rights<\/a>: in <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M.K. Ranjitsinh v. Union of India<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (2024 INSC 280) the Supreme Court recognised a right to be free from the adverse effects of climate change under Articles 21 and 14. Indian practitioners will be found on both sides of that divide.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Lawyers_Matter\"><\/span>Why Lawyers Matter<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is easy to read Nepal&#8217;s claim as a political event with legal decoration attached. It is the reverse.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nothing in the physical facts of 26 August generates an entitlement. A glacier collapsed; water moved downhill; people died. Turning that into a demand another government can be asked to answer requires a chain built over three decades: a framework convention, a treaty article on loss and damage, a fund with eligibility criteria, a General Assembly resolution, and a court willing to hold that customary obligations survive alongside the treaty text. Each link was drafted or argued by lawyers. So was paragraph 51, the provision designed to break the chain.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Areas_of_Law_Are_Involved\"><\/span>What Areas of Law Are Involved?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A single event in a Himalayan valley generates work across at least seven practice areas.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 502px;\" width=\"909\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><b>Area<\/b><\/th>\n<th><b>Work generated<\/b><\/th>\n<th><b>Competence rewarded<\/b><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Public international law<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State responsibility, treaty interpretation<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doctrinal precision<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/jgls\/research\/centre-for-environmental-law-and-climate-change\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Climate and environmental law<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Attribution evidence, regulatory compliance<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scientific literacy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disaster and humanitarian law<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Relief frameworks, compensation, displacement<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statutory drafting<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Insurance and reinsurance<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Catastrophe cover, parametric triggers<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contract analysis<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Infrastructure and energy<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Concessions, force majeure, project finance<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transactional judgement<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constitutional and human rights<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 21 claims, livelihood, displacement<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advocacy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arbitration<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Investor-state and cross-border disputes<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negotiation and procedure<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The list is descriptive. Hydropower projects carry investors and concession agreements; bridges have contractors; displaced households have claims. Each carries a dispute.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Does_One_Train_for_This_Kind_of_Work\"><\/span>How Does One Train for This Kind of Work?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not by specialising early. A lawyer who argues a state responsibility claim arrives through the same foundational sequence as one who drafts concession agreements.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_BA_LLB\"><\/span>The<b> BA LL.B.<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The BA LLB is integrated: two degrees in one enrolment rather than a three-year bachelor&#8217;s followed by a three-year LLB, saving a year. Every institution offering it must be an approved Centre of Legal Education under the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bar Council of India Rules of Legal Education, 2008<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 390px;\" width=\"892\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><b>Particular<\/b><\/th>\n<th><b>Detail<\/b><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Duration<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Five years, ten semesters<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Entry<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After Class 12, minimum 45 percent<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Regulator<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bar Council of India<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Entrance examinations<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CLAT, AILET, LSAT-India, LNAT-UK<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Licence to practise<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All India Bar Examination<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The humanities half is compulsory rather than ornamental. Political science, economics and international relations are what allow a graduate to read Nepal&#8217;s claim as a structured argument rather than a headline.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The syllabus is sequenced: foundations in year one (Legal Methods, Torts), the substantive core in year two (Contracts, Crimes, Constitutional Law), procedure and <a href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/jgls\/research\/international-legal-studies\">public international law<\/a> in year three, specialisation in year four (Environmental Law, Human Rights, Intellectual Property), and practice in year five. Four courses lead directly into the questions above. Torts is where a student first meets duty, breach and causation \u2014 the structure the Court applied in its two-stage test. Constitutional Law is where <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ranjitsinh<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sits. Public International Law supplies treaties and state responsibility. <a href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/cpgls\/academics\/masters-programmes\/\">Environmental Law<\/a> examines the treaty framework and its domestic implementation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Litigation is not the only destination, though India recorded 54 million pending cases at the end of 2025, so demand extends to arbitrators and mediators too. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics recorded <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">863,700 lawyer positions in 2025<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, projecting five percent growth to 2035. Graduates also move into in-house teams, the judiciary, policy research and international organisations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jindal_Global_Law_School\"><\/span>Jindal Global Law School<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/jgls\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jindal Global Law School<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has offered the five-year integrated <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/jgls\/admissions\/ba-llbhons\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B.A. LL.B. (Hons.)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> since 2009, designed in accordance with Bar Council of India and University Grants Commission requirements. For students enrolled from 2025-26, the award requires 210 credits: 8 in English, 48 across arts and humanities, 128 across compulsory and elective law, 16 in four clinical courses, and 10 across five compulsory internships.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Public International Law is compulsory in the third year, and Environmental Law, Human Rights Law and Theory, and International Trade Law in the fourth, so the material underlying the Nepal claim sits inside the core sequence, not at its margins. The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/jgls\/collaborations\/student-exchange-programme\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Student Exchange Programme<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is open in the third or fourth year to students in good standing, and is revenue neutral with respect to tuition.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Admissions_Information\"><\/span>Admissions Information<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eligibility requires Class 12 or equivalent with a minimum of 45 percent from CBSE, ISC, a state board, the International Baccalaureate, Cambridge or another government recognised board, together with a valid <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/lnat.ac.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LNAT-UK<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> score. JGLS accepts no other <a href=\"https:\/\/lawadmissions.jgu.edu.in\/\">admissions<\/a> test for its five-year programmes. The LNAT is calibrated by Edexcel for Pearson VUE and sat at more than 500 centres across 165 countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 209px;\" width=\"902\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><b>Head<\/b><\/th>\n<th><b>Amount in INR<\/b><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tuition fee<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7,50,000 per annum<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Accommodation charges<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4,85,000 per annum<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Refundable security deposit<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">50,000, one-time<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each charge rises ten percent annually; current heads should be confirmed on the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/jgls\/admissions\/ba-llbhons\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">official admissions page<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Merit cum means <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/scholarship-and-education-loan-support\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">scholarships<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are available to candidates qualifying the LNAT-UK, subject to parental income tax return criteria, alongside education loan arrangements with AVANSE (ICICI), Axis Bank and Credila (HDFC). Applications are submitted through the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/lawadmissions.jgu.edu.in\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">law admissions portal<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; the university appoints no agent or consultant and operates no management, donation or NRI quota.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nepal&#8217;s claim may succeed, succeed in part, or remain unresolved for a decade. The doctrine that will settle it is being argued now by practitioners who trained in these courses.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions\"><\/span>Frequently<b> Asked<\/b> Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Can_Nepal_legally_compel_major_emitters_to_pay_compensation\"><\/span><b>Can Nepal<\/b> legally<b> compel major emitters to pay compensation?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not straightforwardly. The ICJ <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/case\/187\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">confirmed in 2025<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that states carry binding obligations and that breach may attract reparations, but an advisory opinion is not a binding judgment against any named state, and harm must be tied to a particular state concretely.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Is_the_Loss_and_Damage_Fund_the_same_as_compensation\"><\/span><b>Is the Loss and<\/b> Damage<b> Fund the same as compensation?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No. The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frld.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fund<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a grant mechanism financed by voluntary contributions, with a USD 250 million start-up envelope and grants of USD 5 to 20 million. A disbursement establishes nothing about responsibility.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_BA_LLB_course_duration_in_India\"><\/span><b>What is the<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/jgls\/admissions\/ba-llbhons\">BA LLB<\/a> course<b> duration in India?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Five years across ten semesters \u2014 one year shorter than a three-year bachelor&#8217;s followed by a three-year LLB.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Is a BA LLB sufficient to practise as an advocate?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No. It must be followed by the All India Bar Examination. <a href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/jgls\/careers-and-employability\">Careers<\/a> in policy, compliance, research and international organisations do not require that licence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Which BA LLB entrance exam should a candidate prepare for?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This depends on the institution. CLAT and AILET are the most widely accepted national tests; JGLS accepts only the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/lnat.ac.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LNAT-UK<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>What are the BA LLB fees at <a href=\"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/jgls\/\">Jindal Global Law School<\/a>?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tuition is 7,50,000 rupees per annum and accommodation 4,85,000 rupees per annum, with a one-time refundable deposit of 50,000 rupees, each subject to a ten percent annual increase.B.A. LL.B. (Hons.)<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Summary On 26 August 2026, a glacier collapse in the Nepal Himalaya produced flash floods that destroyed settlements along the Trishuli and Bhotekoshi river systems. Nepal&#8217;s Ministry of Finance then sent a formal compensation claim to international partners and an urgent request to the UN Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage, framing the demand&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":7714,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pmpro_default_level":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"post_template":[],"top_category":[],"class_list":["post-7711","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","pmpro-has-access"],"acf":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-2.webp","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7711","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7711"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7711\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7717,"href":"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7711\/revisions\/7717"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7714"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7711"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7711"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7711"},{"taxonomy":"post_template","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_template?post=7711"},{"taxonomy":"top_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jgu.edu.in\/opjgublog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/top_category?post=7711"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}